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modif: lundi 09-mai-11 Version Française |
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Ce projet bénéficie d'une aide de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche portant la référence ANR-09-BLAN-0320-01 | |
Local and national power structures:
political transformations in three Melanesian countries
Pacific societies are engaged in processes of intense social change that afforded novel theoretical approaches. One theme became central: the politics of identity and tradition within the context of nation building. This type of complex situation is not limited to the Pacific, but research has often been inspired by the practices and cultural structures of this region, and in particular by the Melanesian situation, in order to rethink the relationship between 'traditional' societies and globalisation. Research on 'Kastom' and 'Neo-ritualizations' has been particularly interesting in this respect. Many reformulations of the interaction between local and national identities attempting to concord with the imposed construction of the democratic nation have been analyzed. Often, these reformulations take the form of actualizations, reinterpretations or inventions of ritualized practices.
However, these studies have not allowed to fully understand the difficulties Pacific countries encounter in their processes of nation building. They remain inefficient in front of structures that are disintegrated as quickly as they appeared. We propose to reopen this theme of research - which is central for the social sciences as well as for the Pacific countries themselves - but we are proposing a new hypothesis. The mechanisms of nation building under the pressure of western nations cannot be fully understood if research is not oriented towards the dialectic at work between local power structures and the fabrication of their national representation.
The study we are going to undertake is concerned with the local (and not the national) strategies that express themselves within local (and not national) power structures in order to study particular cases in which we analyze the “nationalization” of elements of local (and not national) identities. We are approaching this question from three angles: the local political hierarchies and strategies that frame local expressions; the local processes of attempts to nationalize these expressions; and the exogenous constraints limiting these expressions. Henceforth, the nation is included in our project only as the ultimate ambition of these local strategies. It is the means through which these ambitions are expressed and constructed locally that will retain our attention. Our project has thus to be considered complementary to research undertaken in the domain of nation building itself, decolonization or migration within the Pacific. --We will concentrate on particular cases within three pacific states or territories (Vanuatu, Fiji and New Caledonia). Despite de distinctiveness of their historical contexts and the distant geographical situations, we advance the hypothesis that the strategies that work towards the crystallization of local particularities and that have the ambition to be “nationalized” are in these three countries or territories comparable. It may even be possible to speak of a “Melanesian way” of national integration of local particularities. Far from attempting to establish a compromise between various forms of cultural expressions, or from inventing a common theme in which each particular expression would be able to find its identity, this “Melanesian way” rather attempts to superimpose, similar to a patchwork, particular local expressions which remain intact but de-contextualized within the national level. If this hypothesis is verified, nation building cannot proceed through the outgrowth from local conditions, but has to be conceived as an agglomerate of local reductions in which the sentiment of national belonging must be expressed though the sentiment of a local belonging. The nation cannot be “One” for and through itself, it is not a hybrid construction as well, but it would arrange for distinguishable anchor points of recognizable local identities.
Logiques locales - logiques nationales:
mutations politiques dans trois pays dits mélanésiens
Toutefois, ces études restent désemparées devant des structures qui se mettent en place aussi rapidement qu'elles se désintègrent. Nous proposons de rouvrir ce chantier crucial à la fois pour les SHS et les pays du Pacifique eux-mêmes en proposant une problématique et une hypothèse nouvelle. Les mécanismes de la construction des États démocratiques sous les pressions occidentales ne peuvent être compris si la recherche ne s'oriente pas vers la dialectique entre les formes locales du pouvoir et la fabrication de leur représentativité nationale.
Nous nous concentrons sur des cas particuliers au sein de trois pays ou territoires (Vanuatu, Fidji et Nouvelle Calédonie). Malgré des contextes historiques distincts et des situations géographiques distantes, nous posons l’hypothèse que les stratégies de sélection des particularités locales avec l’ambition de les « nationaliser » sont dans les trois situations comparables. Il est peut-être même possible de parler d’un « mode mélanésien » d’intégration nationale. Loin de chercher un compromis entre les diverses formes d’expression culturelles, ou d’inventer une ligne unificatrice dans laquelle toutes les expressions particulières pourraient s’identifier, ce « mode mélanésien » viserait à juxtaposer, tel un patchwork, des expressions locales particulières qui restent entières mais décontextualisées au niveau national. Si cette hypothèse est vérifiée, la nation ne peut pas se construire par l’excroissance et le dépassement des conditions locales, mais doit être conçue comme l’agglomérat de réductions locales dans lesquelles le sentiment d’appartenance nationale ne peut se retrouver que s’il est représenté par un sentiment d’appartenance et de reconnaissance locale. La nation ne peut être « Une » par et pour elle-même, elle n’est pas hybride non plus, mais elle disposerait de points d’ancrage distinguables et reconnaissables d’identités locales.